When selecting a chisel, it’s not just the shape or size that matters. The material and construction style of your chisel can significantly influence your woodworking experience—particularly how the tool feels in your hand and how well it holds an edge.
Tool Steel Types
Tool steel is the heart of any chisel. Four common types are O1, A2, PM-V11, and High Speed Steel (HSS), each offering a different balance of durability, toughness, and ease of sharpening.
- O1 steel is a traditional choice: easy to hone to a razor edge, though it dulls faster with heavy use.
- A2 steel is harder and retains its edge longer but can be more difficult to sharpen finely.
- PM-V11, a proprietary steel from Lee Valley Tools, blends durability and sharpening ease—popular among modern woodworkers for its performance across different tasks.
- High Speed Steel (HSS) is designed to withstand high heat and abrasion. HSS excels in edge retention, especially under heavy or continuous use. It’s particularly useful for those who want a low-maintenance edge that doesn’t need frequent sharpening. While slightly more challenging to sharpen than O1, it lasts significantly longer between honings.
Chisel Construction
Another consideration is the construction of the chisel—whether it's tang or socket style.
- Tang chisels feature a pointed end that inserts into the handle. They are often lighter and more affordable, ideal for controlled paring or lighter chopping, but may split the handle if struck too hard.
- Socket chisels, by contrast, have a tapered socket that accepts the handle’s tenon. They’re built to withstand heavier mallet use, often becoming stronger over time as the handle compresses into the socket.
Western vs Japanese Styles
The choice between Western and Japanese chisels is also key. Japanese chisels are often laminated—combining a hard steel edge with a softer backing—and are best used with a hammer. They usually come in metric sizes, aligning with Japanese timber standards.
Western chisels follow imperial measurements and typically feature single-steel construction. They're a better match if you’re working with U.S. or Australian lumber and want compatibility with common tape measures and plans.
Final Thoughts
Your chisel choice should align with your working style and priorities. For those who prize edge longevity and reduced maintenance, HSS chisels are an excellent option. If you’re sharpening often or prefer a traditional feel, O1 or A2 may be better suited. Ultimately, whether you’re investing in heirloom-quality tools or starting with affordable basics, understanding chisel materials and construction will help you make smart, lasting choices.